What is Primer ?

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span dir="auto">Primer (molecular biology)</span></h1> <div class="mw-body-content" id="bodyContent" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.6; position: relative;"> <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px;"> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub" style="color: #545454; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"> </div> <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="-webkit-user-select: none; height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;"> </div> <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;"> <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 13px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 302px;"> <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="336" data-file-width="691" height="146" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/DNA_replication_en.svg/300px-DNA_replication_en.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/DNA_replication_en.svg/450px-DNA_replication_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/DNA_replication_en.svg/600px-DNA_replication_en.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></span></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"> <div class="magnify" style="background: none !important; border: none !important; float: right; margin-left: 3px;"> <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-size: initial !important;"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf11/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background: none !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></span></span></div> The DNA replication fork. RNA primer labeled at top.</div> </div> </div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> A <b>primer</b> is a strand of <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nucleic acid</span></span> that serves as a starting point for <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">DNA synthesis</span></span>. It is required for DNA replication because the <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">enzymes</span></span> that catalyze this process, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">DNA polymerases</span></span>, can only add new <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">nucleotides</span></span> to an existing strand of DNA. The polymerase starts replication at the <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">3'-end</span></span> of the primer, and copies the <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">opposite strand</span></span>.</div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> In most cases of natural DNA replication, the primer for DNA synthesis and replication is a short strand of <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">RNA</span></span> (which can be made <i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">de novo</i><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">).</span></span></div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Many of the laboratory techniques of <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">biochemistry</span></span> and <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">molecular biology</span></span> that involve DNA polymerase, such as <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">DNA sequencing</span></span> and the <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">polymerase chain reaction</span></span> (PCR), require DNA primers. These primers are usually short, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">chemically synthesized</span></span> <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">oligonucleotides</span></span>, with a length of about twenty bases. They are <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">hybridized</span></span> to a target DNA, which is then copied by the polymerase.</div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> </div> <div class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); display: table; font-size: 13px; padding: 7px; zoom: 1;"> <div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"> <h2 style="background: none; border: none; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> Contents</h2>  <span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">hide</span></span>] </span></div> <ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;"> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="tocnumber" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">1</span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span class="toctext">Mechanism <i>in vivo</i></span><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="tocnumber" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">1.1</span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span class="toctext">Primer removal</span></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="tocnumber" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">2</span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span class="toctext">Uses of synthetic primers</span><ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;"> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="tocnumber" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">2.1</span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span class="toctext">PCR primer design</span></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="tocnumber" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">2.2</span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span class="toctext">Degenerate primers</span></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="tocnumber" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">3</span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span class="toctext">See also</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="tocnumber" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">4</span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span class="toctext">References</span></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="tocnumber" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">5</span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"> </span></span><span class="toctext">External links</span></li> </ul> </div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> </div> <h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Mechanism_in_vivo">Mechanism <i>in vivo</i></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">edit</span></span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> Further information: <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">DNA replication § The replication fork</span></span></div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> The leading strand of DNA is that strand of the DNA double helix that is orientated in a 5' to 3' manner. Therefore, its complement must be synthesized in a 3'→5' manner. Because <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">DNA polymerase III</span></span> cannot synthesize in the 3'→5' direction, the lagging strand is synthesized in short segments known as <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Okazaki fragments</span></span>. Along the lagging strand's template, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">primase</span></span> builds RNA primers in short bursts. DNA polymerases are then able to use the free 3'-<span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">OH</span></span> groups on the RNA primers to synthesize DNA in the 5'→3' direction.</div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> The RNA fragments are then removed by <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">DNA polymerase I</span></span> for prokaryotes or <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">DNA polymerase δ</span></span> for eukaryotes (different mechanisms are used in <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">eukaryotes</span></span> and <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">prokaryotes</span></span>) and new <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">deoxyribonucleotides</span></span> are added to fill the gaps where the RNA was present. <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">DNA ligase</span></span> then joins the deoxyribonucleotides together, completing the synthesis of the lagging strand.</div> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Primer_removal">Primer removal</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">edit</span></span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h3> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> In eukaryotic primer removal, DNA polymerase δ extends the Okazaki fragment in <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">5' to 3'</span></span> direction, and when it encounters the RNA primer from the previous Okazaki fragment, it displaces the 5′ end of the primer into a single-stranded RNA flap, which is removed by nuclease cleavage. Cleavage of the RNA flaps involves either <span style="color: #a55858;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">endonuclease 1</span></span> (FEN1) cleavage of short flaps, or coating of long flaps by the single-stranded DNA binding protein <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">replication protein A</span></span> (RPA) and sequential cleavage by <span style="color: #a55858;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Dna2 nuclease</span></span> and FEN1.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; white-space: nowrap;">[</span></span>1]</sup></div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> This mechanism is a potential explanation to how <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">HIV</span></span> virus can transform its genome into double stranded DNA from the RNA-DNA formed after <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">reverse transcription</span></span> of its RNA. However, the HIV-encoded <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">reverse transcriptase</span></span> has own ribonuclease activity that degrades the viral RNA during the synthesis of cDNA, as well as DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity that copies the <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">sense</span></span> cDNA strand into an <i>antisense</i> DNA to form a double-stranded DNA intermediate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; white-space: nowrap;">[</span></span>2]</sup></div> <h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Uses_of_synthetic_primers">Uses of synthetic primers</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">edit</span></span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 13px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"> <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="536" data-file-width="1028" height="115" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Primers_RevComp.svg/220px-Primers_RevComp.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Primers_RevComp.svg/330px-Primers_RevComp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Primers_RevComp.svg/440px-Primers_RevComp.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></span><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;"> <div class="magnify" style="background: none !important; border: none !important; float: right; margin-left: 3px;"> <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial !important; background-repeat: initial !important; background-size: initial !important;"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf11/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background: none !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></span></span></div> Diagrammatic representation of the forward and reverse primers for a standard <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">PCR</span></span></div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> For the organic chemistry involved, see <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Oligonucleotide synthesis</span></span>. For possible methods involving primers, see <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Nucleic acid methods</span></span>.</div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">DNA sequencing</span></span> is used to determine the nucleotides in a DNA strand. The <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Sanger chain termination method</span></span> of sequencing uses a primer to start the chain reaction.</div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> In <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">PCR</span></span>, primers are used to determine the DNA fragment to be amplified by the PCR process. The length of primers is usually not more than 30 (usually 18–24<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; white-space: nowrap;">[</span></span>3]</sup>) nucleotides, and they need to match the beginning and the end of the DNA fragment to be amplified. They direct replication towards each other – the extension of one primer by polymerase then becomes the template for the other, leading to an exponential increase in the target segment.</div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> It is worth noting that primers are not always for DNA synthesis, but can in fact be used by viral polymerases, e.g. influenza, for RNA synthesis.</div> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="PCR_primer_design">PCR primer design</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">edit</span></span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h3> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Pairs of primers should have similar melting temperatures since annealing in a PCR occurs for both simultaneously. A primer with a <i>T</i><sub style="line-height: 1;">m</sub> (melting temperature) significantly higher than the reaction's annealing temperature may mishybridize and extend at an incorrect location along the DNA sequence, while <i>T</i><sub style="line-height: 1;">m</sub> significantly lower than the annealing temperature may fail to anneal and extend at all.</div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Primer sequences need to be chosen to uniquely select for a region of DNA, avoiding the possibility of mishybridization to a similar sequence nearby. A commonly used method is<span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">BLAST</span></span> search whereby all the possible regions to which a primer may bind can be seen. Both the nucleotide sequence as well as the primer itself can be BLAST searched. The free <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">NCBI</span></span> tool Primer-BLAST integrates primer design tool and BLAST search into one application,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; white-space: nowrap;">[</span></span>4]</sup> so does commercial software product such as ePrime, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Beacon Designer</span></span>. Computer simulations of theoretical PCR results (<span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Electronic PCR</span></span>) may be performed to assist in primer design.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ePCR_5-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; white-space: nowrap;">[</span></span>5]</sup></div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Many online tools are freely available for primer design, some of which focus on specific applications of PCR. The popular tools <span style="color: #663366;"><span style="background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 100% 50%, 100% 50%; padding-right: 13px;">Primer3Plus</span></span> and <span style="color: #663366;"><span style="background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 100% 50%, 100% 50%; padding-right: 13px;">PrimerQuest</span></span> can be used to find primers matching a wide variety of specifications. Highly degenerate primers for targeting a wide variety of DNA templates can be interactively designed using <span style="color: #663366;"><span style="background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 100% 50%, 100% 50%; padding-right: 13px;">GeneFISHER</span></span>. Primers with high specificity for a subset of DNA templates in the presence of many similar variants can be designed using <span style="color: #663366;"><span style="background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml; background-position: 100% 50%, 100% 50%; padding-right: 13px;">DECIPHER</span></span>.</div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Mononucleotide and dinucleotide repeats should be avoided, as loop formation can occur and contribute to mishybridization. Primers should not easily anneal with other primers in the mixture (either other copies of same or the reverse direction primer); this phenomenon can lead to the production of 'primer dimer' products contaminating the mixture. Primers should also not anneal strongly to themselves, as internal hairpins and loops could hinder the annealing with the template DNA.</div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> When designing a primer for use in <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">TA cloning</span></span>, efficiency can be increased by adding AG tails to the 5' and the 3' end.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; white-space: nowrap;">[</span></span>6]</sup></div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> The reverse primer has to be the reverse complement of the given cDNA sequence. The reverse complement can be easily determined, e.g. with online calculators.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; white-space: nowrap;">[</span></span>7]</sup></div> <h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Degenerate_primers">Degenerate primers</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">edit</span></span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> Main article: <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Degenerate bases</span></span></div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Sometimes <i>degenerate primers</i> are used. These are actually mixtures of similar, but not identical primers. They may be convenient if the same <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">gene</span></span> is to be amplified from different <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">organisms</span></span>, as the genes themselves are probably similar but not identical. The other use for degenerate primers is when primer design is based on <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">protein sequence</span></span>. As several different <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">codons</span></span> can code for one <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">amino acid</span></span>, it is often difficult to deduce which codon is used in a particular case. Therefore primer sequence corresponding to the<span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">amino acid</span></span> <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">isoleucine</span></span> might be "ATH", where A stands for <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">adenine</span></span>, T for <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">thymine</span></span>, and H for <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">adenine</span></span>, <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">thymine</span></span>, or <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">cytosine</span></span>, according to the <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">genetic code</span></span> for each <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">codon</span></span>, using the IUPAC symbols for <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">degenerate bases</span></span>. Use of degenerate primers can greatly reduce the specificity of the PCR amplification. The problem can be partly solved by using<span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">touchdown PCR</span></span>.</div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <i>Degenerate primers</i> are widely used and extremely useful in the field of microbial ecology. They allow for the amplification of genes from thus far uncultivated microorganisms or allow the recovery of genes from organisms where genomic information is not available. Usually, degenerate primers are designed by aligning gene sequencing found in <span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">GenBank</span></span>. Differences among sequences are accounted for by using IUPAC degeneracies for individual bases. PCR primers are then synthesized as a mixture of primers corresponding to all permutations.</div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> There are a number of programs available to perform these primer predictions;</div> <ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">CODEHOP can be run on a server though the server is no longer supported. It uses the block format.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">HYDEN is an executable that runs on windows through command prompt.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">iCODEHOP also uses the block format but has been taken down.</li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">FAS-DPD (the most recent) has to be run through a Java operating system (JNODE) that can be set up in a virtual machine(VM).</li> </ul> <h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">edit</span></span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h2> <ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="color: #0b0080;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Oligonucleotide synthesis</span></span> — the methods by which primers are manufactured</li> </ul> <h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> Source Courtesy: Wikipedia</h2> </div> </div> </div>

What is Primer ?

Primer (molecular biology) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The DNA replication fork. RNA primer labeled at top. A ...

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What is CSIR ? Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span dir="auto">Council of Scientific and Industrial Research</span></h1> <div class="mw-body-content" id="bodyContent" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.6; position: relative;"> <div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 13px;"> From Wikipedia</div> <div id="contentSub" style="color: #545454; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;"> </div> <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="-webkit-user-select: none; height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#mw-navigation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#p-search" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div> <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;"> <a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" style="background: none !important; clear: left; color: #0b0080; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" data-file-height="204" data-file-width="262" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="50" /></a><div class="hatnote" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> <br /></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation" style="background: rgb(251, 251, 251); border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 112.390625px;"><tbody> <tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;"> </div> </td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 809px;">Source: Wikipedia</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table cellspacing="3" class="infobox vcard" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><tbody> <tr><th class="fn org" colspan="2" style="font-size: 15px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><i>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India</i></th></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_logo.png" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Council of Scientific and Industrial Research logo.png" data-file-height="240" data-file-width="238" height="240" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6d/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_logo.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="238" /></a></td></tr> <tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Established</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">28 September 1942</td></tr> <tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Chairman</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a></td></tr> <tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Director General</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Dr. <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._S._Ahuja&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="P. S. Ahuja (page does not exist)">P. S. Ahuja</a></td></tr> <tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Staff</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">17,432<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cs_1-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-cs-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> contain over 5000 active scientist and over 10000 scientific and technical personnel.</td></tr> <tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Budget</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Rs. 1750 crores (USD 325 million)</td></tr> <tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Location</th><td class="adr" style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="extended-address">Anusandhan Bhwan, Rafi Marg<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>-110 001.</span></td></tr> <tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Website</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.csir.res.in/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url(data:image/svg+xml; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">www.csir.res.in</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> <b>Council of Scientific and Industrial Research</b> (<b>CSIR</b>) established in 1942, is an autonomous body and India's largest research and development (R&D) organisation, with 37 laboratories and 39 field stations or extension centres spread across the nation, with a collective staff of over 17,000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cs_1-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-cs-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> Although CSIR is mainly funded by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(India)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ministry of Science and Technology (India)">Ministry of Science and Technology</a>, it operates as an autonomous body registered under the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registration_of_Societies_Act_of_1860" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Registration of Societies Act of 1860">Registration of Societies Act of 1860</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CSIRWebsite_2-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-CSIRWebsite-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> The research and development activities of CSIR includes various fields such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aerospace engineering">aerospace engineering</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oceanography">ocean sciences</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_sciences" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Life sciences">Life sciences</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chemical">chemicals</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_science" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Food science">food</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leather">leather</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_science" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Environmental science">environment</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CSIRWebsite_2-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-CSIRWebsite-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> In December 2006, Director General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghunath_Anant_Mashelkar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Raghunath Anant Mashelkar">Raghunath A. Mashelkar</a>, retired following which M. K. Bhan took over the post, but he was relieved on 7 March 2007. After that <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Ramasami" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="T. Ramasami">T. Ramasami</a> had the additional charge of Director General of CSIR until <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir_K._Brahmachari" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Samir K. Brahmachari">Samir K. Brahmachari</a> was appointed as the Director General on 13 November 2007.</div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> In late 2007, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(India)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ministry of Science and Technology (India)">Minister of Science and Technology</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapil_Sibal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kapil Sibal">Kapil Sibal</a> admitted, in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_Hour" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Question Hour">Question Hour</a> session of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lok Sabha">Parliament</a>, that CSIR has developed 1,376 technologies/<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledgebase" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Knowledgebase">knowledgebase</a> during the last decade of 20th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> </div> <div class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); display: table; font-size: 13px; padding: 7px; zoom: 1;"> <div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"> <h2 style="background: none; border: none; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> Contents</h2>  <span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#" id="togglelink" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></div> <ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;"> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#History" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#CSIR_achievements" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">CSIR achievements</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Prize_for_Science_and_Technology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#Research_laboratories_under_CSIR" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Research laboratories under CSIR</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#Controversy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Controversy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> </div> <h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h2> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> In 1930s the need for establishing research organisations for the development of natural resources and new industries in India began to emerge. Eminent citizens such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Raman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="C. V. Raman">C. V. Raman</a>, Lt. Col. Seymour Sewell and J. C. Ghosh had proposed the creation of an advisory board of scientific research. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Gregory,_1st_Baronet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sir Richard Gregory, 1st Baronet">Sir Richard Gregory</a>, then editor of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>, was among the first people who officially reported to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Government" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British Government">British Government</a>. After visiting scientific departments and universities in India in 1933, Gregory submitted to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Samuel Hoare</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>, regarding the need of scientific organisation similar to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Department of Scientific and Industrial Research">DSIR</a> in Britain. Indian scientists at <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> initiated schemes to launch a National Institute of Sciences and an Indian Academy of Sciences, respectively. At the Fifth Industries Conference in 1933, the Provincial Governments of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Madras">Madras</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Orissa">Orissa</a> unanimously reiterated their demand for a co-ordinating forum for industrial research. Hoare advised the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Willingdon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lord Willingdon">Lord Willingdon</a>, to support the demand. However, in May 1934, Willingdon replied Hoare saying, "The creation of a Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in India to promote the application of research to natural resources does not appear to be necessary." The Indian DSIR was rejected, however, the colonial government provided a small concession. It instead offered to create an Industrial Intelligence and Research Bureau, which came into operation in April 1935 under the Indian Stores Department. The Bureau's limited resources (with a budget of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian rupee">INR</a> 1.0 lakh per annum) made it impossible to initiate major research and industrial activities as had hoped for. It was mainly concerned with testing and quality control.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-vig_4-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-vig-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> At the onset of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1939, the bureau was proposed to be abolished. Arguably, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcot_Ramaswamy_Mudaliar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arcot Ramaswamy Mudaliar">Arcot Ramaswamy Mudaliar</a> became the most instrumental in the creation of CSIR in India.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-siva_5-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-siva-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> As a member of Viceroy’s executive council, and also of Commerce, he recommended that the Bureau should be terminated, not as a measure of economy, but to make room for a Board of Scientific and Industrial Research, which should be endowed with greater resources and wider objectives. It was by this persistence that the Board of Scientific and Industrial Research (BSIR) was created on 1 April 1940 for a period of two years. Mudaliar became the chair of the board. It was at this point that Bhatnagar was appointed to pilot the board, as the Director. The BSIR was allocated an annual budget of INR 500,000 under the Department of Commerce. By the end of 1940, about 80 researchers were engaged, of whom one-quarter was directly employed. Major achievements of BSIR included development of the techniques for the purification of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchistan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Baluchistan">Baluchistan</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a> anti-gas cloth manufacture, vegetable oil blends as fuel and lubricants, plastic packing cases for army boots and ammunition, dyes for uniforms and the preparation of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamins" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vitamins">vitamins</a>, and the invention of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrethrum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pyrethrum">pyrethrum</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Emulsifier">emulsifier</a> and cream. In early 1941 Bhatnagar persuaded the government to set up an Industrial Research Utilisation Committee (IRUC) for translating results into application. The government then agreed to make a separate fund out of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalties" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royalties">royalties</a> received from industry for further investment into industrial research. Mudaliar recommended that an Industrial Research Fund should be constituted, which would have an annual grant of INR 1,000,000 (one million) for a period of five years. This was accepted by the Central Assembly in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> at its session on 14 November 1941.</div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> Then the constitution of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) as an autonomous body was prepared under Mudaliar and Bhatnagar. Thus, CSIR came into operation on 28 September 1942. The BSIR and IRUC were incorporated into the advisory bodies to the governing body of the CSIR. In 1943 the governing body of CSIR approved the proposal of Bhatnagar, though the initiative of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, to establish five national laboratories — the National Chemical Laboratory, the National Physical Laboratory, the Fuel Research Station, and the Glass and Ceramics Research Institute. In 1944 in addition to its annual budget of INR 1 million, CSIR received a grant of INR 10 million for the establishment of these laboratories. The Tata Industrial House donated INR 2 million for the chemical, metallurgical and fuel research laboratories.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-vig_4-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-vig-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup>The foundation for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Glass_and_Ceramic_Research_Institute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute">Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> was the first to be laid, in December 1945; and that for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Chemical_Laboratory" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Chemical Laboratory">National Chemical Laboratory</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pune">Pune</a>was the last, on 6 April 1947, four months before <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian Independence">India became independent</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> All the five establishments were completed by 1950.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-siva_5-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-siva-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></div> <h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="CSIR_achievements">CSIR achievements</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: CSIR achievements">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h2> <ul style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Developed first Indian tractor <i>Swaraj</i> in 1967 completely based on indigenous know-how<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Achieved the first breakthrough of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_of_Bamboo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flowering of Bamboo">flowering of Bamboo</a> within weeks as against twenty years in nature.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">First to analyze genetic diversity of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Andamanese_tribes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indigenous Andamanese tribes">indigenous Andamanese tribes</a> and to establish their origin out of Africa 60,000 years ago.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Developed the first <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Transgenic">transgenic</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a> model for drug screening for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cancer">cancer</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human">humans</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">First to introduce <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_fingerprinting" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="DNA fingerprinting">DNA fingerprinting</a> in India.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Helped India to be the first pioneer investor under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Invented, once a week non-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Steroid">steroidal</a> family planning pill <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saheli" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Saheli">Saheli</a></i> and non-steroidal herbal pill for asthma called <i>Asmon</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Designed India's first ever parallel processing computer <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flosolver&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Flosolver (page does not exist)">Flosolver</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Partnered more than 50,000 companies with turnover ranging from Rs 5 <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lakh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="wikt:lakh">lakhs</a> to Rs 500,000 <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crore" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="wikt:crore">crores</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rejuvenated India's one hundred year old refinery at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digboi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digboi">Digboi</a> using the most modern molecular distillation technology.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Provided the critical technology for the NMP Lube Extraction Plant of capacity of 2,50,000 tonnes per year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">With <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Consultancy_Services" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tata Consultancy Services">TCS</a>, developed a versatile portable PC-based software 'Bio-Suite' for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Design of 14 seater plane '<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARAS" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="SARAS">SARAS</a>'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Established first ever in the world '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Knowledge_Digital_Library" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Traditional Knowledge Digital Library">Traditional Knowledge Digital Library</a>' accessible in five international languages, English, German, French, Japanese and Spanish.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Remained in top 3 in the list of PCT patent applications amongst all developing countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Topped list of holders of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_patent_law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States patent law">U.S. patents</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Successfully challenged the grant of patent in the USA for use of haldi (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>) for wound healing and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neem">neem</a> as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticide" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Insecticide">insecticide</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In 2009, completed the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequencing_of_the_Human_Genome" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sequencing of the Human Genome">sequencing of the Human Genome</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research#cite_note-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup></li> <li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In 2011, successfully tested India's 1st indigenous civilian aircraft, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAL_NM5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="NAL NM5">NAL NM5</a> made in association with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aerospace_Laboratories" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Aerospace Laboratories">National Aerospace Laboratories</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahindra_Aerospace" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mahindra Aerospace">Mahindra Aerospace</a>.</li> </ul> <h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Prize_for_Science_and_Technology">Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"> Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Prize_for_Science_and_Technology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology">Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology</a></div> <div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;"> The Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Prizes are awarded annually by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for notable and outstanding research, applied or fundamental, in biological, chemical, earth, atmosphere, ocean and planetary, engineering, mathematical, medical and physical sciences. The prize comprises a citation, a plaque, and a cash award of Rs. 500,000. In addition recipients also get Rs. 15,000 per month up to the age of 65 years.</div> <h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"> <span class="mw-headline" id="Research_laboratories_under_CSIR">Research laboratories under CSIR</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Research laboratories under CSIR">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;">]</span></span></h2> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-webkit-column-count: 2; margin-top: 0.3em;"> <ol style="line-height: 1.6; list-style-image: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">AMPRI - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Materials_and_Processes_Research_Institute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute">Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">C-MMACS - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSIR_Centre_for_Mathematical_Modelling_and_Computer_Simulation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation">CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">CBRI - <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSIR-Central_Building_Research_Institute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CSIR-Central Building Research Institute">CSIR-Central Building Research Institute</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roorkee" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Roorkee">Roorkee</a> (visit <a class="external text" href="http://www.cbri.res.in/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml; background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: 100% 50%, 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat, initial no-repeat, initial; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">www.cbri.res.in</a>)</li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">CCMB- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Cellular_and_Molecular_Biology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology">Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">CDRI - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Drug_Research_Institute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central Drug Research Institute">Central Drug Research Institute</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">CECRI- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Electro_Chemical_Research_Institute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central Electro Chemical Research Institute">Central Electro Chemical Research Institute</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaikudi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Karaikudi">Karaikudi</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">CEERI - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Electronics_Engineering_Research_Institute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute">Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilani" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pilani">Pilani</a> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ceeri.res.in/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml; background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: 100% 50%, 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat, initial no-repeat, initial; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">CFTRI - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Food_Technological_Research_Institute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central Food Technological Research Institute">Central Food Technological Research Institute</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mysore">Mysore</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">CGCRI - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Glass_and_Ceramic_Research_Institute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute">Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">CIMAP - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Medicinal_and_Aromatic_Plants" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants">Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">CIMFR - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Institute_of_Mining_and_Fuel_Research_(Merged_entity_of_CMRI_and_CFRI)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (Merged entity of CMRI and CFRI) (page does not exist)">Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (Merged entity of CMRI and CFRI)</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbad" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">CLRI - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Leather_Research_Institute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central Leather Research Institute">Central Leather Research Institute</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">CMERI - <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_mechanical_engineering_research_institute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central mechanical engineering research institute">Central mechanical engineering research institute</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durgapur,_West_Bengal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Durgapur, West Bengal">Durgapur</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">CRRI - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Road_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Central Road Research Institute (page does not exist)">Central Road Research Institute</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">CSIO - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Scientific_Instruments_Organisation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central Scientific Instruments Organisation">Central Scientific Instruments Organisation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">CSMCRI - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Salt_and_Marine_Chemicals_Research_Institute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute">Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavnagar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bhavnagar">Bhavnagar</a> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.csmcri.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml; background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: 100% 50%, 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat, initial no-repeat, initial; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">IGIB - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Genomics_and_Integrative_Biology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology">Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.igib.res.in/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml; background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: 100% 50%, 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat, initial no-repeat, initial; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">IHBT - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Himalayan_Bioresource_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (page does not exist)">Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palampur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palampur">Palampur</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">IICB - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Chemical_Biology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian Institute of Chemical Biology">Indian Institute of Chemical Biology</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">IICT - <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IICT" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="IICT">Indian Institute of Chemical Technology</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">IIIM, Jammu - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Institute_of_Integrative_Medicine,_Jammu&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu (page does not exist)">Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.iiim.res.in/aboutiim.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml; background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: 100% 50%, 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat, initial no-repeat, initial; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">IIP - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Petroleum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian Institute of Petroleum">Indian Institute of Petroleum</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehradun" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">IMMT - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Minerals_and_Materials_Technology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology">Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhubaneswar" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.immt.res.in/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml; background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: 100% 50%, 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat, initial no-repeat, initial; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">IMTECH - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Microbial_Technology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Institute of Microbial Technology">Institute of Microbial Technology</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">IITR - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Toxicology_Research" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian Institute of Toxicology Research">Indian Institute of Toxicology Research</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> (formerly known as<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Toxicology_Research_Centre" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Industrial Toxicology Research Centre">Industrial Toxicology Research Centre</a>)</li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">NAL - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aerospace_Laboratories" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Aerospace Laboratories">National Aerospace Laboratories</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">NBRI - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Botanical_Research_Institute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Botanical Research Institute">National Botanical Research Institute</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">NCL - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Chemical_Laboratory" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Chemical Laboratory">National Chemical Laboratory</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pune">Pune</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">NEERI - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Environmental_Engineering_Research_Institute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Environmental Engineering Research Institute">National Environmental Engineering Research Institute</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a>(<a class="external text" href="http://neeri.res.in/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml; background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: 100% 50%, 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat, initial no-repeat, initial; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">www.neeri.res.in</a>)</li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">NGRI - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geophysical_Research_Institute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Geophysical Research Institute">National Geophysical Research Institute</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad,_India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hyderabad, India">Hyderabad</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">NIO - <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_Of_Oceanography,_India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Institute Of Oceanography, India">National Institute of Oceanography</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Goa">Goa</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">NISCAIR - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Science_Communication_and_Information_Resources" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources">National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">NISTADS - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Science,_Technology_and_Development_Studies" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies">National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">NML - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Metallurgical_Laboratory" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Metallurgical Laboratory">National Metallurgical Laboratory</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamshedpur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">NPL - <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory,_India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Physical Laboratory, India">National Physical Laboratory</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">NEIST (RRL), Jorhat - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology,_Jorhat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat">North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat</a> ,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorhat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jorhat">Jorhat</a> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://jorhat.nic.in/rrl.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml; background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: 100% 50%, 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat, initial no-repeat, initial; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[6]</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Research_Laboratory,_Thiruvananthapuram" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Regional Research Laboratory, Thiruvananthapuram">National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology</a> -<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">SERC, M - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_Engineering_Research_Centre" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Structural Engineering Research Centre">Structural Engineering Research Centre</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;">URDIP <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unit_for_Research_and_Development_of_Information_Products&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Unit for Research and Development of Information Products (page does not exist)">Unit for Research and Development of Information Products</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pune">Pune</a> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://urdip.res.in/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial, initial; background-clip: initial, initial; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url(data:image/svg+xml; background-origin: initial, initial; background-position: 100% 50%, 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat, initial no-repeat, initial; background-size: initial, initial; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[7</a></li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> </div>

What is CSIR ? Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research From Wikipedia Source: Wikipedia Council of Scientific and Industrial Resea...

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